王順民
中國文化大學社會福利學系教授
中華民國晴天社會福利協會創會理事長
桃園市愛力社會福利協會創會理事長
電子發票愛心碼9595995、9595520
一則攸關到心理健康促進的衛政作為,實有其復歸於跨世代、全齡化以及多面向的思辨、論述。
話說:根據去年(2023年)的官方死因統計,自殺死亡的人數高達有3,898人,創下近了14年以來的新高,這其中一直都是被視為高風險族群的65歲以上長者,去年的自殺率卻反而是下降4.9%,相形之下的25至44歲、45至65歲等人口族群的自殺率均上升5.1%,而15至25歲也上升2.1%,對此,考量到年輕族群自殺率的明顯提升,衛福部心理健康司順勢在去年8月推出為期一年的〈年輕族群心理健康支持方案〉,直接鎖定15至30歲民眾為其標地人口,藉此提供3次免費諮商,統計至今年的6月底為止,該方案共計有7萬6,350人次使用,而高風險被轉介以及早就醫的比率為33.7%,並且有1萬91名高風險患者獲得轉介,相關的數字成效算是值得肯定,如此一來,對於方案實施計畫的政策定調,就不在於是否續辦,而是針對時下的「三明治世代」族群,是否也有機會可以獲得心理諮商協助,藉此思考補助的年齡層能否加以延展。
事實上,環視去年所公布的該項自殺數據,青壯年、中壯年自發率已經呈現增加趨勢,因此,新一期的實施計畫,將不再專屬於「年輕族群」,並且有機會將年齡向擴展至44歲,同時也都是採取每人3次為限的免費諮商補助,這一點的公平意涵,是值得加以深究的,畢竟,扣緊人類行為與社會環境的關懷旨趣,那麼,從青年族群到未滿44歲之「三明治世代」的年齡擴充,實有必要嚴肅看待年滿45歲至未滿65歲之間的所謂中高齡族群及其該世代動力所特有的可能破口,連帶而來的是,從心理諮商到職場轉換、中年危機、老化預備、長期照顧抑或是經濟安全等等生命週期的特別項目與特殊需求,那麼,對於充斥「熱壓三明治」內涵的中高齡世代,更是有進行通盤擘劃之必要,遠地不說,緊扣當前晚婚晚生之於『第一代老邁—第二代臨老—第三代幼齡年少』的家庭動力模態,中高齡第二世代的人身負荷壓力,這已經是一項不可小覷的生命轉折議題現象。
最後,針對〈年輕族群心理健康支持方案〉之於應有的需求評估、過程評估及其效果評估,這部分還是需要更為詳實的結果評估考察,遠地不說,3次為限的心理諮商,後追的機制設計及其轉銜的處遇計畫,直指出來:偏向於短暫、支持性質的該項心理諮商免費服務,當只是用以推動健康促進的一個觸媒機制,如此一來,自當是有必要針對此一方案實施計畫所隱含的諮商費用負擔、社會支持意義、身心修復充權及其全人發展關懷,藉此找到心連心、手拉手和肩並肩的點燈力量;連帶地,何以需要心理諮商、如何進行心理諮商、需要幾次心理諮商,抑或還有那些心理諮商後續的接手服務之類的衍生性思考,直指此一攸關到心理健康的身心發展課題,當比想像之中來得深邃且複雜。
(本文並同步刊登在晴天社會福利協會官網)
(本文的著作財產權經王順民授權歡迎轉載)
此篇文章探討了台灣針對不同年齡層心理健康的政策措施,
去年衛福部推出的〈年輕族群心理健康支持方案〉,針對15至30歲的年輕族群提供免費諮商,這一政策在應對年輕人自殺率上升方面取得了顯著成效。統計數據顯示,共有7萬6,350人次使用了該方案,其中33.7%的高風險個案獲得了轉介,這表明政策在識別和幫助高風險個體方面是有效的。然而,僅限於年輕人的諮商方案是否足夠,仍需要更多考量。
同時,考慮到25至44歲、45至65歲等年齡層的自殺率上升,新一期的實施計畫將擴展至44歲,這是一個重要且必要的措施。隨著社會壓力和生活挑戰的變化,特別是對於“三明治世代”——肩負家庭、工作和經濟壓力的中年人群——心理健康的支持應該是多層面的,不能僅限於某一特定年齡段。這一改變不僅反映了政策制定者對社會現實的敏銳洞察,也體現了對不同年齡層心理健康需求的重視,將心理健康支持方案擴展至44歲是公平性的體現,然而,45歲以上的中高齡群體依然面臨嚴峻的心理健康挑戰,包括職場壓力、家庭責任和老化問題。如何在有限的資源下,兼顧不同年齡層的需求,並提供持續的支持,是未來政策需要解決的關鍵問題。
因此,提供三次免費諮商的設計對於短期支持性質的服務而言或許足夠,但對於長期且深入的心理健康問題,這一措施顯得不足,需要更多後續機制和轉銜安排來確保受諮商者能夠獲得持續且適當的幫助。這不僅是對心理諮商服務本身的挑戰,也涉及到社會支持系統的完善和資源的合理分配。
心理健康問題的複雜性和深遠性,需要多方面的綜合考量和長期規劃。除了免費諮商服務,還需要從教育、職場健康、社會支持和經濟保障等多角度入手,形成一個全面的心理健康促進體系,同時,針對不同年齡段的特定需求,如中年危機、老化預備等,提供有針對性的支持措施。
總而言之,心理健康促進是一個跨世代、全齡化且多面向的複雜課題。政策制定者需要不斷評估和調整措施,確保所有年齡層的人群都能夠獲得適當的心理健康支持,從而促進全社會的整體健康和福祉。
例如利伯他茲諮商所收費:個別諮商1 Hours・NT$1200~2400,成癮、親密關係、生活壓力,依據新北市政府衛生局公告鑑於年輕族群自殺死亡率逐年上升,衛生福利部為促進其心理健康,協助調適心理壓力與負面情緒,提供所需之心理支持服務,自112年8月至113年7月辦理旨揭方案,15-30歲年輕族群可至本市指定執行機構,補助心理諮商費用每人每次新臺幣1,600元,每人以3次服務、新臺幣4,800元為上限(單次補助約66%以上,每年3次為限),有電話確認新北市政府衛生局,補助項目只限定心理諮商費用,不包含團體課程等。我認為心理諮商可以聽聽看民眾的意見,心理諮商有團體活動方式,像是心理劇、或是心理相關的團體課程,在個人走過的經驗,在團體活動中心都是可以成為諮商的泥土、諮商的一個眼界、多方視角去整理自己的生活,以相輔相成諮商過程中的所凝聚的要談的議題或是健康需求,從團體課程中聆聽同性質的其他學員的故事,也可以成為諮商成為個人心理支持的力量,三次諮商補助雖然機會不多,也是很感謝政府照顧社會有心理健康需求的人們。
近年青少年自殺率增加,教育部宣布,從112學年度下學期開始,在42所高中試辦「身心調適假」,每學期可請3天,希望藉此協助有輕微心理不適、心理困擾的學生調整平衡身心狀況,度過短期心理不適。經試辦並今年8月1日起實施。不能領全勤獎。113年高中學生全面新增身心調適假,超出該項請假天數,班導師需通報輔導室安排心理諮商,又衛生福利部112年8月1日至113年7月31日,補助15-30歲年輕族群三次心理諮商費用,協助其調適心理壓力與負面情緒,維護身心健康,再則每個縣市政府針對市民亦可申請免費心理諮商次數,就認知最佳心理諮商次數,需由心理師進行評估,但若接受高頻率諮商,所衍生之費用恐使年輕族群或一般家庭之經經負荷重,現有補助諮商費用,雖可增長諮商意願,但若使用不同方案、不同心理師,也易造成多頭馬車,諮商成效無法張顯,又,如何將資源妥善分配,係相關單位需面對及克服的議題。
建議應進行跨部門合作,如教育部、衛生福利部和部門之間的平台,分享資源和訊息,確保心理諮商資源的有效配置和使用。
The article about “The Young Generation Mental Health Support Plan” including age expansion’s extended thinking
The Need of Hot Sandwich Generation with Mental Health Support Plan
Professor Wang Shun-Min.
Institute of Social Welfare,
Chinese Culture University
Key Words: The Young Generation Mental Health Support Plan
Sandwich Generation
Middle-Aged and Seniors Groups
Hot Sandwich Generation
Midlife Crisis
According to the official cause of death statistics from last year (2023), the numbers of suicide death has had 3898 events in which is the highest number in recent 14 years. Normally, over 65 years senior citizens consider as high-risk suicide group, but it had decreased 4.5% since last year. In contrast to the elderly, the ages of 25 to 44 and 45 to 65 groups have been increasing 5.1 %. The Department of Mental Health under the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan has noticed that the problem of young people committing suicide have been increasing and have made a year project of The Young Generation Mental Health Support Plan in August from last year. This plan has succeeded pre-screening high risk of mental illness (about 7.6 thousand people) who could get early medical help (about 1.9 thousand people) with offering three times psychological consultations. In fact, the new plan maybe possible enlarge groups of early and late adulthood groups (25-44 years old) due to has been increasing the suicide death numbers during last year statistic. Above all, I think there are several reasons that the Middle-age group should have mental health plan.
First of all, middle age group faces several psychological signs and symptoms. From Erikson’s psychosocial development theory point of view, this group confronts with generativity, caring others and creating with accomplishing things, or with stagnation, failure to find the way to contribute to families, disconnecting and uninvolving with communities. In other words, if the group owns generativity, they will have successful lifetimes which includes confidence to challenge, to build self-worth, self- belief, and self-strengths. On the other hand, if the group owns stagnation, they will face midlife crisis. This crisis can be triggered by an abrupt change in occupation and lifestyle changes (such as retirement, caring parents pressure, facing empty nest syndrome, losing parents, the death of loved one, divorce, significant life events). They suffer anxiety, depression or major mood changes, dramatic changes in appearance and behavior or self-care, becoming antisocial, impulsive or irrational, feeling of anger, boredom, emptiness, irritability, loss of purpose, resentment, sadness or being unfulfilled, sleep pattern disruption, financial irrationally and excessive spending, disinterest toward objects or activities, feeling of nostalgia, panic disorder…etc. So, midlife crisis in middle age group causse many neurotic symptoms and strongly need mental health support plan to concern.
Moreover, middle-age group face several physical pressures. When people get into this stage, they may have or risk metabolic syndrome factors. For example, high blood pressure, heart problems, brin function abnormal, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, central obesity, hyperuricemia, unnormal coagulation factor…etc. Also, as fallowing these factors, they will become some chronical diseases, such as hypertension, Diabetic Mellitus, Dementia, stroke, COPD, renal stones, coronary artery sclerosis, insomnia…etc. Most importantly, they usually ignore the signs of decreasing immune system, such as overwork, lack of sleep, too little exercise, improper dietary intake, abnormal between work and rest, and long-term stress. So, abnormal immune system relating to lifestyle, chronical diseases relating to high risk factors of metabolic syndrome are middle-age group need to encounter and our government need to support mental health plan.
Last, social change triggers family dynamic changes that leads middle-age group last straw. The low fertility rate causes this group people need to face grow or help next generation to be independent or to support their education, life, marriage problems. Also, they may need to accept their sons or daughters are parasite singles, DINK, NEET, bachelorism, celibatarian, spinsters, LGBTQ (lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgenders, queers) all diverse families. In addition, they have the pressure to care elder parents in economically or physically. So, the middle-age group carries two generations burdens on their shoulders.
In the end, the middle-age group need to face the pressures from psychologically, mentally, and variously families. They are the real “Hot Sandwich” generation. The middle-age Generation Mental Health Support Plan has urgent need in our changeable society.
References: 1. Handouts from Professor Wang Shun-Min’s Human behavior class
2. Kendra Cherry, MSED. The author of the book “Everything Psychology
3. Forbes Health website, Dr. Sabrina Romanoff, a clinical psychologist.
By Meng-Li, Chien 簡孟麗(假日學分班)